ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Arterial lactate, mixed venous O2 saturation, venous minus arterial CO2 partial pressure (Pv-aCO2) and the ratio between this gradient and the arterial minus venous oxygen content (Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2) were proposed as markers of tissue hypoperfusion and oxygenation. The main goals were to characterize the determinants of Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2, and the interchangeability of the variables calculated from mixed and central venous samples. METHODS: 35 cardiac surgery patients were included. Variables were measured or calculated: after anesthesia induction (T1), end of surgery (T2), and at 6...8.ßhours intervals after ICU admission (T3 and T4). RESULTS: Macrohemodynamics was characterized by increased cardiac index and low systemic vascular resistances after surgery (p.ß<.ß0.05). Hemoglobin, arterial-pH, lactate, and systemic O2 metabolism showed significant changes during the study (p.ß<.ß0.05). Pv-aCO2 remained high and without changes, Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was also high and decreased at T4 (p.ß<.ß0.05). A significant correlation was observed globally and at each time interval, between Pv-aCO2 or Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 with factors that may affect the CO2 hemoglobin dissociation. A multilevel linear regression model with Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 as outcome variables showed a significant association for Pv-aCO2 with SvO2, and BE (p.ß<.ß0.05), while Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was significantly associated with Hb, SvO2, and BE (p.ß<.ß0.05) but not with cardiac output. Measurements and calculations from mixed and central venous blood were not interchangeable. CONCLUSIONS: Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 could be influenced by different factors that affect the CO2 dissociation curve, these variables should be considered with caution in cardiac surgery patients. Finally, central venous and mixed values were not interchangeable.
ABSTRACT
La fragilidad determina una incapacidad para enfrentar estresores debido a la disminución de las reservas fisiológicas multisistémicas. El acto anestésico quirúrgico constituye un evento estresante y la presencia de fragilidad es un factor de riesgo independiente de morbimortalidad perioperatoria. Identificarla permitiría abordar los factores reversibles que la determinan con la intención de disminuir los riesgos inherentes a dicho acto. Su detección en la valoración perioperatoria aporta información relevante que no se obtiene con una evaluación tradicional. Este enfoque se ha convertido en un estándar en la valoración perioperatoria de personas mayores. El objetivo del estudio es valorar la prevalencia de fragilidad en la cirugía electiva de personas mayores en el Hospital de Clínicas. Es un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo. Fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética institucional. Se reclutaron 206 pacientes de 65 años y más, coordinados para cirugía electiva, entre marzo del 2019 y marzo del 2020. Se aplicó la Escala de Fragilidad de Edmonton Reportada (REFS) para la detección de la fragilidad. La prevalencia de fragilidad fue del 22,8% con un IC 16-29,6, por lo que decimos que es alta en esta población y similar al de otros contextos quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos. Se encontraron un número significativamente mayor de hipertensión arterial, arritmias, diabetes, hipotiroidismo y tabaquismo entre los pacientes frágiles. Su prevalencia e impacto en la morbimortalidad operatoria constituyen razones de peso para su inclusión en la valoración perioperatoria en nuestro sistema de salud así como la capacitación de los anestesiólogos en la detección de la fragilidad a través del uso de herramientas prácticas, válidas y confiables.
Frailty determines an inability to cope with stressors due to decreased multisystem physiologic reserves. The surgical anesthetic act is a stressful event and the presence of frailty is an independent risk factor for perioperative morbidity and mortality Detection of frailty would allow for addressing reversible factors causing it, with the intention of reducing the risks that are inherent to anesthetic acts. Detection in the perioperative assessment provides relevant information that is not obtained in a traditional evaluation. This approach has become the standard in perioperative assessment of geriatric surgical patients. The study aims to assess the prevalence of frailty in elective surgery for the elderly at Clínicas Hospital. Method: prospective, descriptive study approved by the institutional Ethics Committee. 206 patients aged 65 years old and over who had been coordinated for elective surgery were recruited for the study between March, 2019 and March, 2020. The Reported Edmonton Frailty Scale (REFS) was applied to detect frailty. Prevalence of frailty was 22.8% with a CI of 16-29 in this population, rather high and similar to the frail patients percentages in other surgical and non-surgical settings. Significantly higher numbers of arterial hypertension, arrhythmias, diabetes and hypothyroidism cases and tobacco users were found among frail patients. Prevalence and impact of frailty on operative morbidity and mortality are compelling reasons for its inclusion in the perioperative assessment of our health system, as well as the training of anesthesiologists in the detection of frailty through the use of practical, valid and reliable tools.
A fragilidade determina uma incapacidade de lidar com estressores devido à diminuição das reservas fisiológicas multissistêmicas. O ato anestésico cirúrgico é um evento estressante e a presença de fragilidade é um fator de risco independente para morbimortalidade perioperatória. Identificá-lo permitiria abordar os fatores reversíveis que o determinam com o intuito de reduzir os riscos inerentes ao referido ato. Sua detecção na avaliação perioperatória fornece informações relevantes que não são obtidas com uma avaliação tradicional. Essa abordagem tornou-se padrão na avaliação perioperatória de idosos. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a prevalência de fragilidade em cirurgias eletivas para idosos no Hospital de Clínicas. Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo e descritivo, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética institucional. 206 pacientes com 65 anos ou mais, coordenados para cirurgia eletiva, foram recrutados entre março de 2019 e março de 2020. A Reported Edmonton Frailty Scale (REFS) foi aplicada para detectar fragilidade. A prevalência de fragilidade foi de 22,8% com um IC de 16-29,6, pelo que podemos dizer que é elevada nesta população e semelhante à de outros contextos cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos. Números significativamente maiores de hipertensão arterial, arritmias, diabetes, hipotireoidismo e tabagismo foram encontrados entre os pacientes frágeis. A prevalência e impacto da fragilidade na morbimortalidade operatória são razões convincentes para sua inclusão na avaliação perioperatória em nosso sistema de saúde, bem como para o treinamento de anestesistas na detecção de fragilidade por meio do uso de ferramentas práticas, válidas e confiáveis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Prevalence , Frailty , Risk Assessment , Perioperative CareABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Arterial lactate, mixed venous O2 saturation, venous minus arterial CO2 partial pressure (Pv-aCO2) and the ratio between this gradient and the arterial minus venous oxygen content (Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2) were proposed as markers of tissue hypoperfusion and oxygenation. The main goals were to characterize the determinants of Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2, and the interchangeability of the variables calculated from mixed and central venous samples. Methods: 35 cardiac surgery patients were included. Variables were measured or calculated: after anesthesia induction (T1), end of surgery (T2), and at 6-8 hours intervals after ICU admission (T3 and T4). Results: Macrohemodynamics was characterized by increased cardiac index and low systemic vascular resistances after surgery (p < 0.05). Hemoglobin, arterial-pH, lactate, and systemic O2 metabolism showed significant changes during the study (p < 0.05). Pv-aCO2 remained high and without changes, Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was also high and decreased at T4 (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was observed globally and at each time interval, between Pv-aCO2 or Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 with factors that may affect the CO2 hemoglobin dissociation. A multilevel linear regression model with Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 as outcome variables showed a significant association for Pv-aCO2 with SvO2, and BE (p < 0.05), while Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was significantly associated with Hb, SvO2, and BE (p < 0.05) but not with cardiac output. Measurements and calculations from mixed and central venous blood were not interchangeable. Conclusions: Pv-aCO2 and Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 could be influenced by different factors that affect the CO2 dissociation curve, these variables should be considered with caution in cardiac surgery patients. Finally, central venous and mixed values were not interchangeable.
Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Perfusion , Carbon Dioxide , AnaerobiosisABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: durante el 2011 se propuso un modelo de simulación para valorar la oferta, la relación demanda/necesidades y las tendencias en el tiempo de anestesiólogos y establecer escenarios posibles. Objetivo: comparar la oferta actual de anestesiólogos con la proyectada por el modelo de simulación en el año 2011. Material y métodos: se realizó una actualización a partir de las bases de datos disponibles. Se registró número de anestesiólogos titulados y no titulados, su distribución demográfica y se comparó con los escenarios propuestos en un estudio anterior. Resultados: la tasa de médicos con competencias en anestesiología fue de 14,2/100.000 habitantes y la de anestesiólogos titulados 12/100.000. La distribución de edad presentó una mediana de 54 años, el 90% central se encontraba entre 36 y 75 años. El 57% correspondió a mujeres. 21,8 anestesistas/100.000 habitantes corresponden a Montevideo y área metropolitana contra 7/100.000 en el resto del país. Hubo un incremento promedio del 50% en el número de plazas para la formación, un aumento de solicitudes de reválida (11 en el período estudiado) y un incremento del 17,5% de la producción quirúrgica en el subsector público. Conclusiones: el número de anestesiólogos disponibles en el año 2020 sugirió que la proyección realizada en dos de los escenarios propuestos en investigación anterior reprodujeron adecuadamente la oferta real. Se observó un crecimiento de la participación de mujeres, mayor porcentaje en franjas etarias menores, centralización de los recursos humanos en Montevideo y una edad de retiro mayor. La principal limitación sigue siendo contar con información oportuna y de calidad. Es fundamental la utilización de metodologías rigurosas y de aplicaión sistemática para que quienes planifican puedan tomar decisiones informadas.
Summary: Introduction: during 2011 a simulation method was proposed to assess the needs and trends over time of anesthesiologists and establish possible scenarios. Objective: compare the current situation with the projections formulated in 2011 by the simulation method to evaluate anesthesiologists' supply and demand. Material and methods: an update of the available databases was revised. The number and demographic distribution of the anesthesiologist workforce were recorded and compared with the proposed scenarios. Results: the number of physicians with anesthesiology skills was 14.2/100.000, and wholly trained anesthesiologists were 12/100.000. The age distribution presented a median of 54 years, the central 90% were between 36 and 75 years old. 57% of the anesthesiologist are females. 21.8 workforce in anesthesiology/100.000 corresponds to Montevideo and the metropolitan area, against 7/100.000 in the rest of the country. There was an average increase of 50% in the number of positions for training, an increase in revalidation applications, and a rise of 17.5% in a surgical procedure in the public subsector. Conclusions: the prediction of the number of anesthesiologists and their characteristics for 2020 coincided with two of the proposed scenarios. We verify a growth in female participation, a higher percentage in younger age groups, centralization of human resources in Montevideo and higher retirement age. The main limitation was access to reliable information.
Resumo: Introdução: durante 2011, foi proposto um modelo de simulação para avaliar a oferta, demanda / necessidades, tendências ao longo do tempo dos anestesiologistas e estabelecer possíveis cenários. Objetivo: comparar a oferta atual de anestesiologistas com a projetada pelo modelo de simulação em 2011. Material e métodos: foi feita uma atualização das bases de dados disponíveis. O número de anestesiologistas licenciados e não certificados e sua distribuição demográfica foram registrados e comparados com os cenários propostos em um estudo anterior. Resultados: a taxa de médicos com habilidades em anestesiologia foi de 14,2/100.000 habitantes e a de anestesiologistas licenciados de 12/100.000. A distribuição de idade apresentou mediana de 54 anos, os centrais 90% estavam entre 36 e 75 anos. 57% correspondiam a mulheres. 21,8 anestesistas / 100.000 habitantes correspondem a Montevidéu e região metropolitana contra 7 / 100.000 no resto do país. Houve um aumento médio de 50% no número de vagas para treinamentos, um aumento nas solicitações de revalidação (11 no período estudado) e um aumento de 17,5% na produção cirúrgica no subsetor público. Conclusões: o número de anestesiologistas disponíveis em 2020 sugeria que a projeção feita em dos cenários propostos em pesquisas anteriores reproduzia adequadamente a oferta real. Houve crescimento da participação feminina, maior percentual nas faixas etárias mais jovens, centralização dos recursos humanos em Montevidéu e maior idade de aposentadoria. A principal limitação continua sendo a disponibilidade de informaçao oportuna e de qualidade. O uso de metodologias rigorosas e sistematicamente aplicadas é essencial para que aqueles que planejam possam tomar decisões informadas.
Subject(s)
Physicians Distribution/statistics & numerical data , Anesthesiologists , AnesthesiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la capacidad de la evaluación clínica y de la laringoscopía indirecta (LI) para predecir dificultades en la intubación orotraqueal en pacientes coordinados para procedimientos endoscópicos de vía aérea superior. METODOLOGÍA: se realizó un estudio prospectivo de 76 pacientes coordinados para procedimientos endoscópicos de vía aérea superior, con anestesia general y que requerían intubación orotraqueal. La vía aérea se evaluó clínicamente mediante el test de Mallampati, medidas de las distancias mentohioidea, tiromentoneana y rama horizontal del maxilar inferior, características del cuello, dientes, lengua, apertura bucal, y por laringoscopía indirecta. Esta evaluación determinó un diagnóstico de sospecha de intubación dificultosa que se correlacionó con los hallazgos durante las maniobras de laringoscopía e intubación orotraqueal. Se determinó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) de los diferentes métodos de evaluación. RESULTADOS: la evaluación clínica tuvo una sensibilidad del 50% y una especificidad del 81%, con un VPP de 24% y VPN de 93%. La LI tuvo una sensibilidad del 38% y una especificidad de 79%, con un VPP de 18% y VPN de 92%. CONCLUSIONES: la evaluación clínica fue superior que la LI para predecir dificultades en la intubación orotraqueal, pero el valor predictivo de ambos métodos fue bajo.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the predictive value of clinical evaluation and indirect laryngoscopy (LI) to detect difficult tracheal intubation, in patients coordinated for endoscopic procedures of upper airway. METHODS: We studied 76 patients coordinated for endoscopic procedures of upper airway under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. The airway was clinically evaluated with Mallampati test, hyomental and thyromental distances, horizontal branch of lower jaw distance, neck characteristics, teeth, tongue, mouth opening, and with indirect laryngoscopy. This evaluation was used as a predictor of difficult airway, and was correlated to the findings during direct laryngoscopy and intubation. From this data sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive (NPV) value were calculated. RESULTS: clinical evaluation had 50% sensitivity and 81% specificity, with a PPV of 24% and a NPV of 93%. Indirect laryngoscopy had 38% sensitivity and 79% specificity, with a PPV of 18% and a NPV of 92%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical evaluation was best predictor of difficult airway than indirect laryngoscopy, but predictive value of both methods was low.
